{"id":266965,"date":"2026-09-22T14:37:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-22T17:37:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/?p=266965"},"modified":"2026-09-21T17:23:42","modified_gmt":"2026-09-21T20:23:42","slug":"um-pedaco-de-goma-mastigado-ha-5-700-anos-preservou-um-genoma-humano-completo-e-ate-rastros-de-pato-e-avela","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/2026\/09\/22\/um-pedaco-de-goma-mastigado-ha-5-700-anos-preservou-um-genoma-humano-completo-e-ate-rastros-de-pato-e-avela\/","title":{"rendered":"Um peda\u00e7o de goma mastigado h\u00e1 5.700 anos preservou um genoma humano completo e at\u00e9 rastros de pato e avel\u00e3"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"emf-summary google-auto-ads-ignore\">\n  <style>\n    .emf-summary {\n      --emf-navy:#00245a;\n      --emf-navy-soft:#0b3b70;\n      --emf-ink:#1d2731;\n      --emf-muted:#66727e;\n      --emf-line:#d7dde5;\n      --emf-paper:#ffffff;\n      --emf-wash:#f4f6f8;\n      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.emf-summary-logo {\n        inline-size:52px;\n        block-size:52px;\n        flex-basis:52px;\n      }\n\n      .emf-summary-logo img {\n        inline-size:41px;\n        block-size:41px;\n        max-inline-size:41px;\n        max-block-size:41px;\n      }\n\n      .emf-summary-title {\n        font-size:22px;\n      }\n\n      .emf-summary-card {\n        padding:21px 16px 18px;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <div class=\"emf-summary-brand\">\n    <div class=\"emf-summary-logo\">\n      <img\n        alt=\"Logo EM Foco\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n        fetchpriority=\"high\"\n        height=\"46\"\n        loading=\"eager\"\n        referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\"\n        src=\"https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/em_transparente_3000px-scaled.png\"\n        width=\"46\"\n      >\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div>\n      <div class=\"emf-summary-eyebrow\">EM FOCO<\/div>\n      <div class=\"emf-summary-title\">Resumo da mat\u00e9ria<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"emf-summary-grid\">\n    <div class=\"emf-summary-card\">\n      <span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"emf-summary-number\">01<\/span>\n      <div aria-level=\"3\" class=\"emf-summary-card-title\" role=\"heading\">\n        Genoma sem ossos\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"emf-summary-card-text\">\n        O breu mastigado preservou um genoma humano completo, algo obtido sem depender de restos \u00f3sseos ou dentes.\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"emf-summary-card-meta\">\n        DNA antigo\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"emf-summary-card\">\n      <span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"emf-summary-number\">02<\/span>\n      <div aria-level=\"3\" class=\"emf-summary-card-title\" role=\"heading\">\n        Pistas de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"emf-summary-card-text\">\n        A mesma amostra guardou DNA de avel\u00e3 e pato-real, sinais que podem estar ligados a uma refei\u00e7\u00e3o recente.\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"emf-summary-card-meta\">\n        Dieta\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"emf-summary-card\">\n      <span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"emf-summary-number\">03<\/span>\n      <div aria-level=\"3\" class=\"emf-summary-card-title\" role=\"heading\">\n        C\u00e1psula biol\u00f3gica\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"emf-summary-card-text\">\n        Saliva, micr\u00f3bios e material gen\u00e9tico ficaram presos na massa de b\u00e9tula por cerca de 5.700 anos.\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"emf-summary-card-meta\">\n        Preserva\u00e7\u00e3o\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uma massa escura mastigada na Idade da Pedra conservou informa\u00e7\u00e3o que normalmente desapareceria por completo. A <strong>goma mastigada<\/strong> de 5.700 anos preservou um genoma humano inteiro, micr\u00f3bios da boca e tra\u00e7os de avel\u00e3 e pato, criando um retrato biol\u00f3gico raro sem depender de ossos ou dentes humanos preservados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">De que era feita essa goma mastigada de 5.700 anos?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A pe\u00e7a apareceu em uma \u00e1rea arqueol\u00f3gica no sul da ilha de <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lolland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Lolland<\/strong><\/a>. Ela \u00e9 feita de breu de b\u00e9tula, uma massa escura produzida pelo aquecimento da casca da \u00e1rvore e usada na Pr\u00e9-Hist\u00f3ria como material adesivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marcas de dentes mostram que esse material era mastigado. Uma hip\u00f3tese \u00e9 que a mastiga\u00e7\u00e3o ajudasse a amolecer o breu antes do uso, mas tamb\u00e9m existem outras possibilidades. O ponto seguro \u00e9 que a <strong>massa mastigada<\/strong> reteve saliva e material biol\u00f3gico por mil\u00eanios.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/goma2-1-1024x572.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-266978\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/goma2-1-1024x572.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/goma2-1-300x167.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/goma2-1-767x428.jpeg 767w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/goma2-1-750x418.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/goma2-1-1140x636.jpeg 1140w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/goma2-1.jpeg 1376w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Vest\u00edgios de alimentos ajudam a reconstruir parte do que aquela pessoa havia consumido<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Como um genoma completo sobreviveu dentro do breu?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Publicado na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-13549-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Nature Communications<\/strong><\/a>, o estudo sequenciou um genoma humano antigo completo a partir da pe\u00e7a. Cerca de um ter\u00e7o das leituras de DNA obtidas p\u00f4de ser alinhado ao genoma humano de refer\u00eancia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O breu funcionou como uma esp\u00e9cie de c\u00e1psula qu\u00edmica. Os autores explicam que suas propriedades ajudaram a reduzir a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o, preservando <strong>DNA humano e microbiano<\/strong>. Assim, a amostra trouxe informa\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica sem que nenhum osso ou dente da pessoa fosse necess\u00e1rio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O que os rastros de pato e avel\u00e3 realmente mostram?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A an\u00e1lise encontrou DNA de <strong>avel\u00e3 e pato-real<\/strong> na mesma amostra. No caso da ave, mais de 50 mil leituras foram atribu\u00eddas ao pato-real. Esses sinais podem ter vindo de uma refei\u00e7\u00e3o recente antes de a pessoa mastigar o breu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os pr\u00f3prios autores tratam essa leitura com cuidado. O material vegetal e animal ajuda a estudar alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o antiga, mas n\u00e3o funciona como card\u00e1pio completo. A <strong>presen\u00e7a de DNA alimentar<\/strong> registra apenas parte do que estava na boca naquele momento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"myth-list-bridge wp-block-paragraph\">A seguir listamos <strong>quatro tipos de vest\u00edgio<\/strong> que ficaram presos na pequena por\u00e7\u00e3o de breu mastigado:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list myth-bullet-list\">\n<li><strong>DNA humano:<\/strong> permitiu montar um genoma antigo completo a partir de um material que n\u00e3o era osso nem dente.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Micr\u00f3bios da boca:<\/strong> ficaram preservados junto da saliva e ajudaram a reconstruir parte do microbioma oral.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Avel\u00e3:<\/strong> fragmentos de DNA vegetal podem refletir alimento presente pouco antes da mastiga\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pato-real:<\/strong> milhares de leituras de DNA animal apontaram para a ave como outra poss\u00edvel pista alimentar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Leia tamb\u00e9m: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/2026\/09\/21\/no-alto-da-serra-do-mar-um-vilarejo-de-ceramica-e-neblina-se-tornou-o-maior-polo-de-arte-de-sao-paulo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">No alto da Serra do Mar, um vilarejo de cer\u00e2mica e neblina se tornou o maior polo de arte de S\u00e3o Paulo<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/caban1-1-1024x572.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-266980\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/caban1-1-1024x572.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/caban1-1-300x167.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/caban1-1-767x428.jpeg 767w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/caban1-1-1140x636.jpeg 1140w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/caban1-1-750x418.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/caban1-1.jpeg 1376w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">O DNA preservado permitiu conhecer caracter\u00edsticas de algu\u00e9m que viveu milhares de anos atr\u00e1s<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Que informa\u00e7\u00f5es o DNA permitiu reconstruir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O genoma indicou que quem mastigou a pe\u00e7a era <strong>uma mulher<\/strong> geneticamente mais pr\u00f3xima de ca\u00e7adores-coletores da Europa continental do que dos grupos da Escandin\u00e1via central analisados no estudo. Isso oferece uma janela sobre popula\u00e7\u00f5es que viveram naquela regi\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os dados gen\u00e9ticos tamb\u00e9m permitiram estimar caracter\u00edsticas f\u00edsicas, com prov\u00e1vel pele escura, cabelo castanho-escuro e olhos azuis. Essas reconstru\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o infer\u00eancias baseadas em variantes gen\u00e9ticas. O <strong>genoma completo<\/strong> tamb\u00e9m permitiu comparar ancestralidade e outros sinais biol\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"myth-html-bridge wp-block-paragraph\">A seguir listamos <strong>tr\u00eas leituras principais<\/strong> que mostram o alcance e tamb\u00e9m os limites da an\u00e1lise gen\u00e9tica:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"emf-data-table google-auto-ads-ignore\">\n  <style>\n    .emf-data-table {\n      --emf-navy:#00245a;\n      --emf-navy-soft:#0b3b70;\n      --emf-ink:#1d2731;\n      --emf-muted:#66727e;\n      --emf-line:#d7dde5;\n      --emf-wash:#f4f6f8;\n      box-sizing:border-box!important;\n      inline-size:min(1100px,100%)!important;\n      max-inline-size:100%!important;\n      margin-inline:auto!important;\n      overflow:hidden!important;\n      color:var(--emf-ink);\n      background:#fff;\n      border:1px solid var(--emf-line);\n      border-radius:6px!important;\n      box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(0,36,90,.08);\n      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tbody tr:hover td {\n        display:grid!important;\n        grid-template-columns:minmax(105px,38%) minmax(0,1fr)!important;\n        align-items:start;\n        gap:11px;\n        padding:11px 12px!important;\n        background:#fff!important;\n        border-block-end:1px solid #e2e7ec!important;\n      }\n\n      .emf-data-table td::before {\n        content:attr(data-label);\n        color:var(--emf-muted);\n        font-size:10px;\n        font-weight:700;\n        letter-spacing:.06em;\n        line-height:1.35;\n        text-transform:uppercase;\n      }\n\n      .emf-data-table td:first-child {\n        color:var(--emf-navy)!important;\n        background:#edf1f5!important;\n      }\n\n      .emf-data-table td:last-child {\n        border-block-end:0!important;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <div class=\"emf-data-table-brand\">\n    <div class=\"emf-data-table-logo\">\n      <img\n        alt=\"Logo EM Foco\"\n        decoding=\"async\"\n        height=\"41\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n        referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\"\n        src=\"https:\/\/www.em.com.br\/emfoco\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/em_transparente_3000px-scaled.png\"\n        width=\"41\"\n      >\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div>\n      <div class=\"emf-data-table-kicker\">DADOS EM FOCO<\/div>\n      <div class=\"emf-data-table-title\">O que saiu do breu mastigado<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div aria-label=\"Tabela com os principais resultados da an\u00e1lise gen\u00e9tica do breu mastigado\" class=\"emf-data-table-scroll\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\">\n    <table>\n      <caption>Resumo dos tipos de evid\u00eancia gen\u00e9tica preservados na goma mastigada de 5.700 anos.<\/caption>\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th scope=\"col\">Evid\u00eancia<\/th>\n          <th scope=\"col\">Resultado<\/th>\n          <th scope=\"col\">Limite da leitura<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr>\n          <td data-label=\"Evid\u00eancia\">Genoma humano<\/td>\n          <td data-label=\"Resultado\">Sequ\u00eancia antiga completa<\/td>\n          <td data-label=\"Limite da leitura\">Retrata uma pessoa, n\u00e3o toda a popula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td data-label=\"Evid\u00eancia\">DNA alimentar<\/td>\n          <td data-label=\"Resultado\">Avel\u00e3 e pato-real<\/td>\n          <td data-label=\"Limite da leitura\">Pode refletir uma refei\u00e7\u00e3o recente<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n          <td data-label=\"Evid\u00eancia\">Microbioma oral<\/td>\n          <td data-label=\"Resultado\">Diversos micr\u00f3bios da boca<\/td>\n          <td data-label=\"Limite da leitura\">Mostra apenas o material preservado na amostra<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Por que essa goma mastigada \u00e9 t\u00e3o importante?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A maior surpresa n\u00e3o foi apenas a idade da amostra, mas o tipo de material. At\u00e9 ent\u00e3o, genomas humanos antigos completos dependiam principalmente de restos corporais. A <strong>goma mastigada<\/strong> mostrou que um res\u00edduo cotidiano tamb\u00e9m pode preservar informa\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica muito detalhada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esse pequeno peda\u00e7o de breu re\u00fane pessoa, boca e alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o em uma \u00fanica amostra. O <strong>DNA de 5.700 anos<\/strong> n\u00e3o conta toda a vida de quem o mastigou, mas conserva uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o rara de pistas que dificilmente sobreviveria separada por tantos mil\u00eanios.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EM FOCO Resumo da mat\u00e9ria 01 Genoma sem ossos O breu mastigado preservou um genoma humano completo, algo obtido sem depender de restos \u00f3sseos ou dentes. DNA antigo 02 Pistas de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o A mesma amostra guardou DNA de avel\u00e3 e pato-real, sinais que podem estar ligados a uma refei\u00e7\u00e3o recente. Dieta 03 C\u00e1psula biol\u00f3gica Saliva, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":266976,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard"},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[675,34139,6046,28246],"class_list":["post-266965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-entretenimento","tag-arqueologia","tag-dna-antigo","tag-genetica","tag-pre-historia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Um peda\u00e7o de goma mastigado h\u00e1 5.700 anos preservou um genoma humano completo e at\u00e9 rastros de pato e avel\u00e3 - Estado de Minas - Em foco<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"DNA humano apareceu em uma goma mastigada h\u00e1 5.700 anos, junto a rastros de alimentos. 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